凈(jing)化工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)是一種局部(bu)層(ceng)流裝(zhuang)置,能(neng)在局部(bu)形成(cheng)高潔度的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)環境(jing)。它由工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)、過(guo)濾(lv)器、風(feng)機、靜壓箱(xiang)和(he)支(zhi)撐體等組成(cheng),采(cai)用過(guo)濾(lv)空氣使工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)(qu)達到凈(jing)化除(chu)菌(jun)的目的。室內(nei)空氣經(jing)預過(guo)濾(lv)器和(he)高效過(guo)濾(lv)除(chu)塵(chen)后以垂直(zhi)或水平層(ceng)流狀(zhuang)態通過(guo)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)的操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)(qu),由于空氣沒有(you)渦流,所以,任何一點灰塵(chen)或附(fu)著在灰塵(chen)上的雜(za)菌(jun)都(dou)能(neng)被(bei)排除(chu),不(bu)易(yi)向別(bie)處擴散和(he)轉移(yi)。因此,可使操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)(qu)保持無菌(jun)狀(zhuang)態。
與沒有細菌室和注射箱相比,選用篩選的工作任務臺兼有的工作任務狀況好、進行操作簡便、沒有細菌目的穩定可靠、無消毒液化劑對人體內干擾、暫用的面積小且可移動手機等優越性。一旦擺到沒有細菌別墅地下室選用,沒有細菌目的有效。其弱項是收費貴重,預篩選器和高效化篩選器還需死期洗和變更。 高壓變壓器飽和蒸汽消毒鍋高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)鍋(guo)是一(yi)(yi)個密閉(bi)的(de)、可以耐受一(yi)(yi)定壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)的(de)雙(shuang)層(ceng)金屬鍋(guo)。鍋(guo)底(di)或夾層(ceng)內(nei)(nei)盛水(shui)(shui),當水(shui)(shui)在鍋(guo)內(nei)(nei)沸騰時由于(yu)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)不能逸出,使鍋(guo)內(nei)(nei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)逐漸升高(gao)(gao)(gao),水(shui)(shui)的(de)沸點和溫(wen)度可隨之(zhi)升高(gao)(gao)(gao),從而(er)達(da)到高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)的(de)目的(de)。一(yi)(yi)般在0.11MPa的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)下(xia),121℃滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)20~30min,包括芽孢在內(nei)(nei)的(de)所有微生(sheng)物(wu)均可被(bei)殺死。如果滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)物(wu)品體積較大,蒸(zheng)汽(qi)穿透困難(nan),可以適當提高(gao)(gao)(gao)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)或延長(chang)滅(mie)(mie)菌(jun)時間(jian)。
低壓殺菌鍋有臥試、開式、手堤式等多個類型、,在微菌物學測試室,作為經常使用的是手堤式和開式低壓蒸汽加熱殺菌鍋。和過熱蒸汽殺菌鍋較之,低壓殺菌鍋的的優勢是殺菌需要的事件短、節電主要燃料、殺菌齊全等。其弊端是成本高端,殺菌功率較小。 培養教育箱培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)設備(bei)。制熱式(shi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是由電(dian)爐絲和(he)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制儀合(he)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定體積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恒(heng)溫(wen)(wen)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)裝置(zhi),大小(xiao)規格不(bu)一。微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物實驗室(shi)(shi)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工作容積(ji)有(you)450×450×350mm3或(huo)650×500×500mm3,適(shi)用(yong)于室(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)至60℃之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各類微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。目前,隨著科(ke)學水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完善程度(du)和(he)價格有(you)很大差別(bie)。有(you)各種(zhong)結構合(he)理(li)、功能齊全的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),如恒(heng)溫(wen)(wen)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、恒(heng)溫(wen)(wen)恒(heng)濕培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、低溫(wen)(wen)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物多用(yong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)二氧化碳培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)計算(suan)機控(kong)制,可(ke)選擇多條時間(jian)線變換溫(wen)(wen)差,從而克服了環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,一年四季(ji)均(jun)能達到培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)。
微生物(wu)多用培養箱是集加(jia)熱、制冷和振(zhen)蕩(dang)于一體的(de)微生物(wu)液體發酵裝置。工作室(shi)的(de)溫度在(zai)15~50℃范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)任意(yi)(yi)選定,選定后經溫控儀自動控制,保持工作室(shi)內(nei)恒溫。同時設(she)有可控硅調(diao)(diao)速系統(tong),振(zhen)蕩(dang)機轉速可在(zai)1~220rpm范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)任意(yi)(yi)調(diao)(diao)控。
太干箱干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)(xiang)是用(yong)于(yu)除去潮濕物(wu)料內及器(qi)(qi)皿內外水分或其它(ta)揮發性溶(rong)液的設備。類型很多(duo),有(you)(you)箱(xiang)(xiang)式、滾筒式、套間式、回轉式等。微生物(wu)學實驗室(shi)多(duo)用(yong)箱(xiang)(xiang)式干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)(xiang),大小規格不一。工(gong)作室(shi)內配(pei)有(you)(you)可活動的鐵絲網板(ban),便于(yu)放置被(bei)干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)的物(wu)品(pin)。制(zhi)熱升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)式干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)(xiang)也是有(you)(you)電(dian)爐絲和(he)(he)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)控制(zhi)儀組(zu)成(cheng),可調節溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)從室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)至300℃任意選擇。有(you)(you)的干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)(xiang)采用(yong)導電(dian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)計為(wei)敏感元件,配(pei)合晶體管和(he)(he)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)組(zu)成(cheng)自(zi)動控制(zhi)系統,克(ke)服了金屬管型熱膨脹控制(zhi)的缺(que)點。此外,還有(you)(you)真空(kong)干(gan)燥(zao)(zao)箱(xiang)(xiang)(配(pei)有(you)(you)真空(kong)泵和(he)(he)氣壓(ya)表),可在(zai)常壓(ya)或減(jian)壓(ya)下(xia)操作。
搖床
搖(yao)床(chuang)又稱搖(yao)瓶(ping)機,它是(shi)(shi)培養(yang)好氣性(xing)微生物的(de)小型試驗設備或(huo)作為(wei)種(zhong)子擴大培養(yang)之用,常用的(de)搖(yao)床(chuang)有往(wang)復(fu)式和旋(xuan)轉式兩種(zhong)。往(wang)復(fu)式搖(yao)床(chuang)的(de)往(wang)復(fu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)一般(ban)(ban)在80~140次/min,沖程(cheng)一般(ban)(ban)為(wei)5~14cm,如頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)過快、沖程(cheng)過大或(huo)瓶(ping)內液體裝量(liang)過多(duo),在搖(yao)動時(shi)液體會濺到包(bao)扎瓶(ping)口的(de)紗(sha)布或(huo)棉塞(sai)上,導致(zhi)雜菌(jun)污染,特別是(shi)(shi)啟動時(shi)更容(rong)易發生這種(zhong)情況。旋(xuan)轉式搖(yao)床(chuang)的(de)偏心(xin)距一般(ban)(ban)在3~6cm之間(jian),旋(xuan)轉次數為(wei)60~300rpm。
放在搖床(chuang)(chuang)上的(de)(de)培養瓶(ping)(一般(ban)(ban)為三角(jiao)瓶(ping))中的(de)(de)發酵液(ye)所需要的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)是由空氣經瓶(ping)口(kou)包扎的(de)(de)紗布(一般(ban)(ban)8層(ceng))或棉(mian)塞通(tong)入的(de)(de),所以氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)傳遞與瓶(ping)口(kou)的(de)(de)大小、瓶(ping)口(kou)的(de)(de)幾何形狀、棉(mian)塞或紗布的(de)(de)厚度和密度有關。在通(tong)常情況下(xia),搖瓶(ping)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)吸收系數取決于(yu)搖床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)特性和三角(jiao)瓶(ping)的(de)(de)裝樣(yang)量。
反復式搖床是靈活運用曲柄設計原理驅動搖床作反復鍛煉,木材粉碎機機身為鐵質或實木的長方框子,有1個層至四層木質托盤的,木質托盤的內有園孔備放教育養成瓶,孔中突起1個四角形可塑橡皮,妥善進行固定教育養成瓶并避免瓶的震動,齒輪變速箱組織正常用二次元發動機傳動帶輪降速,對換調結發動機傳動帶輪可變化反復頻次。反力輪上還有不一樣的反力孔,妥善調結反力距。反復式搖床的頻次和反力距的長寬對氧的吸附有嚴重的引響。 縮放式搖床是使用縮放的軸力輪軸使餐盤扭動,餐盤一 層或有兩層,可不銹鋁合金板、鋁合金或鐵質板開發。在三種軸力輪軸上衣有地腳螺栓可手動調節節內外,使餐盤始終保持平行。這個搖床的結構比較復雜化,造價比高。其益處是氧的交換好點、工作電壓耗用小、培訓基不用濺到瓶口的棉球上。 電子顯微鏡 微細菌個人獨資很小,需要代入電子光學顯微鏡才會關注了解想一想的個人獨資社會形態和細胞系結構特征。由此,在微細菌學的那項學習中,電子光學顯微鏡就稱為不丟失的工貝。顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的種類很多(duo),根據其結構(gou)(gou),可以分為光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)非光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)兩(liang)大類。光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)又可分為單(dan)式(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)復式(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。最(zui)簡(jian)單(dan)的單(dan)式(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)即放大鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(放大倍數(shu)常在10倍左(zuo)右),構(gou)(gou)造復雜的單(dan)式(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為解剖顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(放大倍數(shu)在200左(zuo)右)。在微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生物學(xue)的研究中,主要(yao)是復式(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。其中以普(pu)通(tong)光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(明視野顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))最(zui)為常用。此外,還有(you)暗視野顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)差顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、偏光(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、紫外光(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)倒置顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。非光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為電子顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。
接種疫苗箱接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)分為(wei)(wei)固體(ti)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和液體(ti)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。固體(ti)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是一個用木(mu)(mu)料(liao)和玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)制成(cheng)或(huo)(huo)由有(you)機(ji)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)焊接而成(cheng)的(de)(de)密(mi)閉小(xiao)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。又分為(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)(shuang)人(ren)和單人(ren)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)體(ti)可大(da)可小(xiao),一般箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)體(ti)長約143cm,寬(kuan)86cm,總高154cm,支(zhi)架76cm。箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)上部(bu)左右兩側(ce)各裝(zhuang)有(you)兩扇能啟閉的(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)推拉門,方(fang)便菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進出(chu)。窗的(de)(de)下部(bu)分別設有(you)兩個直徑(jing)約13cm的(de)(de)圓洞(dong),兩洞(dong)的(de)(de)中心距(ju)離(li)為(wei)(wei)52cm(同(tong)肩寬(kuan)),洞(dong)口裝(zhuang)有(you)帶松緊帶的(de)(de)袖套(tao),以(yi)防雙(shuang)(shuang)手在箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)時,外界空氣進入(ru)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)造成(cheng)污染。操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)時兩人(ren)相對而坐,雙(shuang)(shuang)手通(tong)過袖套(tao)伸入(ru)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)。箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)兩側(ce)最好也裝(zhuang)上玻(bo)(bo)璃(li),箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)頂(ding)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)板或(huo)(huo)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)。箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)頂(ding)部(bu)裝(zhuang)有(you)紫外線(xian)殺(sha)菌(jun)燈和照(zhao)明用日(ri)光燈各一支(zhi)。箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)體(ti)安裝(zhuang)木(mu)(mu)板或(huo)(huo)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)均(jun)可,但要注意密(mi)封。
液(ye)體(ti)菌種(zhong)(zhong)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)箱是專為移接(jie)液(ye)體(ti)菌種(zhong)(zhong)而(er)設(she)計(ji)的(de)。比固體(ti)菌種(zhong)(zhong)箱窄長,單側兩人操作。內設(she)軌道(dao)和紫外線(xian)燈(deng),箱兩端開有(you)高25cm,寬10cm的(de)長方形出(chu)(chu)口(kou),方便(bian)菌種(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)出(chu)(chu),洞(dong)口(kou)設(she)有(you)小推門。進(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)下處設(she)蒸汽(qi)源,接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)時用蒸汽(qi)封住(zhu)進(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou),以防雜菌進(jin)入(ru)箱內。箱背面設(she)有(you)液(ye)體(ti)菌種(zhong)(zhong)移接(jie)管能進(jin)入(ru)的(de)小孔。
接種(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)滅(mie)菌(jun)時(shi),用(yong)紫(zi)外(wai)(wai)線(xian)照(zhao)射30min。如果沒有紫(zi)外(wai)(wai)線(xian)燈(deng),可用(yong)甲醛和(he)高錳酸(suan)鉀(甲醛10~14mL/m3+高錳酸(suan)鉀5~7g/m3空間)熏蒸30min以(yi)上。使用(yong)時(shi),先將所需物品和(he)工(gong)具放(fang)入接種(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)內(nei),然后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行藥劑熏蒸和(he)紫(zi)外(wai)(wai)線(xian)滅(mie)菌(jun),再按無菌(jun)操(cao)作(zuo)進(jin)(jin)行接種(zhong)(zhong)。接種(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)的(de)結構簡單,造價低廉(lian),易消毒滅(mie)菌(jun),操(cao)作(zuo)方(fang)便,而且人在箱(xiang)外(wai)(wai)操(cao)作(zuo),氣(qi)溫較高時(shi)也能作(zuo)業。缺點是進(jin)(jin)出培養基費工(gong)費時(shi),每(mei)次(ci)接種(zhong)(zhong)前都需要進(jin)(jin)行滅(mie)菌(jun)。
洗衣機 微生物實驗室的冰箱主要有兩種:普通冰箱和低溫冷凍冰箱。普通冰箱一般都具有兩個柜子,即鮮藏柜和冷藏柜,溫度分別為4℃和-20℃;低溫冷凍冰箱溫度一般控制在-40~-80℃。它們都可以用于微生物菌種保藏。鮮藏柜常用于保存斜面菌種,保藏時間在3個月左右。超過3個月,斜面就會變干,因此需要轉接菌種。如果要長時間保存菌種,則需要經過處理后,貯藏于普通冰箱的冷藏柜或低溫冷凍冰箱中,它們的保藏時間較長,一般都在1年以上。